{"id":8415,"date":"2026-01-10T18:05:03","date_gmt":"2026-01-11T00:05:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ic4ml.org\/?p=8415"},"modified":"2026-04-12T11:01:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T16:01:40","slug":"one-plus-one-equals-three-a-review-of-dr-paolo-granatas-generative-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ic4ml.org\/pt-pt\/blogs\/one-plus-one-equals-three-a-review-of-dr-paolo-granatas-generative-knowledge\/","title":{"rendered":"One Plus One Equals Three: A review of Dr. Paolo Granata’s Generative Knowledge"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Unlike many reviewers, I often read the front matter and after-matter (index, glossary, and bibliography) of a new book before reading further. In the very first essay within his front matter, a prologue entitled \u201cThe Divine Move\u201d, \u00a0we discover that Paolo Granata\u2019s Generative Knowledge:Think, Learn, Create With AI <\/em>(Wiley Blackwell, 2025, 276 pp.) is not another critique of the perils of AI, nor an installment in the \u201cman vs. machine\u201d debate.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"The<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Instead Granata emphasizes what I call \u201cman plus<\/em> machine\u201d by which we discover that \u201cone plus one equals three\u201d (my language)\u2026. that is, human intelligence (#1) interacting with machine or AI (#2) can create a larger envelope of thought, learning, and creativity (#3) than either one alone and of their imagined logical sum. One (humans) plus one (AI) also equals three types of potential improvement in 1) thinking, 2) learning, and 3) creation.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Granata first illustrates his point by chronicling famous chess matches in which chess masters faced super-computers. Ultimately, rather than simply moaning their losses to technology, some defeated chess players grew to learn from and thus, in at least one famous case, defeat the \u201cartificial\u201d chess programs which once learned from them. Thus, pinnacle chess strategy evolves from the interaction <\/em>of humans and AI, not simply from one or the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is a refreshing insight to an ethicist like me who reads primarily of the dangers of boundless AI. In the flagship Journal of Media Ethics <\/em>(October- December 2025) beside me on my desk, and many kindred journals, there is all but an obsession with the ethical problems and concerns AI already creates and, more importantly, seems destined to manufacture in the next decade. But this is not Granata\u2019s focus. He frequently points to the part of his glass which is half full, and later to the entire glass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When jumping to the very end of the book, by noting his sources, one learns what kind of scholar Granata has become. He is not \u201cmaking stuff up\u201d, but rather there is a wide, holistic wingspan in his combined index and references such that Einstein is next to (Elizabeth) Eisenstein, Chomsky is next to (Minyang) Chow, Bacon precedes (Jason) Baehr, while Foucault, Erasmus, and Korzybski are all bedfellows with Dewey, Turkle. and the Wright Brothers!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this list of references, beneath Piaget lie Polanyi, Popper, and Postman, the latter of which gives evidence that Granata has not abandoned his media ecology\/Toronto School orientation. Indeed, primary media ecology scholars such as McLuhan, Havelock, Ong, Strate, Logan, de Kerckhove, Mir, and others punctuate both Dr. Granata\u2019s listing and thinking\u2026 just like Postman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So before tackling Granata\u2019s infrastructure, we know from his front and aft that, although this is a fresh approach, it is also one based upon a mix of traditional, multidisciplinary, and \u201coutside the box\u201d thinkers. Educational, computational, philosophical, media, scientific and systems theory all co-mingle in the house that Paolo built.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unlike other reviewers, I not only read the alpha and omega of a book first, but also any existing reviews written by experts in the author\u2019s field and the leading insight carvers within other fields. Why try to introduce a text myself if it has already been represented by someone who can summarize it much better than I can?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this case, top media ecologist and physicist, Dr. Robert Logan, has already reviewed and oriented us to the book\u2019s primary structure in this way:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
    \n
  1. Existing knowledge is essential for creating new knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cGenerative knowledge grows from prior knowledge (p. 38).\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. The tools we create become the tools we think by.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \u201cGenerative knowledge utilizes intellectual tools that extend perception memory, and inference (ibid.),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Generative knowledge thrives on collective knowledge, \u201cit emerges through social interactions (ibid.),\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. For the generative thinker, the desire to explore is therefore an essential trait, \u201cit is driven by epistemic curiosity, a genuine desire to resolve uncertainties and to explore new territories (ibid.),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Learning principle, generative knowledge requires a willingness to learn (ibid.),<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Generative knowledge embraces intellectual creativity that recombines concepts into originally meaningful forms (ibid.).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

          Granata, then organizes the heart of his book in three logical parts,..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Part I Thinking<\/strong>: How might persistent engagement with AI systems,  generative or otherwise, reorganize our epistemic virtues and intellectual habits?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Part II Learning<\/strong>: What changes in metacognitive strategies do learners adopt when incorporating AI into their learning processes? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Part III Creating<\/strong>. In what ways might co-creation with AI systems reshape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0conventional creative processes across different domains.1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Logan\u2019s excellent X-ray of the tome\u2019s skeletal structure reveals that\u00a0it is, like De Bono\u2019s \u201cpo\u201d, interested in the po<\/strong>ssible, po<\/strong>sitive, po<\/strong>tential of\u00a0AI to help humans think, learn, and create rather than ever-present fears\u00a0about AI which has \u201cgone over to the dark side.\u201d 2<\/sup> Every reader, rather\u00a0than dreading an inevitable doomed future can ask, \u201cHow may AI, enhance,<\/em>\u00a0rather than replace or distort, <\/em>my thinking, learning, and creating?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Of course, it becomes habitual to insist that AI will be inaccurate, will\u00a0begin to supplant thinking, will obsolesce much of the work force,\u00a0and will –like the Sorcerer\u2019s apprentice –populate its own runaway\u00a0community of darkness which humans can neither regulate nor monitor.\u00a0In a worst case, AI seems destined to create an Artificial Super-Intelligence\u00a0which, as in science fiction, will eventually dominate and control the planet.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        What an unethical giant AI is painted to be in such scenarios! And yet Granata\u2019s vision places ethics in a new light. Why cannot AI help us create new ethical thinking and guidelines? While reading Granata, I found myself thinking: \u201cWhy can\u2019t Siri and Alexa ethically advise us by saying \u2018are you sure you wish to plagiarize that passage?\u2019 or \u2018signing that document would present a conflict of interest?'”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        In other words, if rogue AI has the potential to be extremely unethical, why can\u2019t virtuous AI be designed to not only help us think, learn, and create, but also be more<\/em> ethical? On page 148, Granata writes: \u201cOne advantage of having AI assist in production is that humans can devote time to the reflective, investigative tasks that machines do not truly master, such as probing ethical ramifications. \u2026\u201d\u00a03<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Returning to the second essay in Generative Knowledge<\/em>, <\/strong>we discover the importance and meaning of the book\u2019s title. Granata is concerned with how knowledge is generated and with how more high <\/strong>quality knowledge may be created by epistemic curiosity, the use of tools <\/strong>like AI, and by building upon previous knowledge and the thinking of prior <\/strong>generations (pun intended). One definition of \u201cgenerative knowledge\u201d that he provides on page 7 is \u201cthat distinctive form of knowledge that creates new knowledge\u201d\u00a04<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Imagine all of the new truthful knowledge that is available for thinking if one consults all of the verified, fact-checked sources of AI knowledge in the world. If we look for a moment at one of Granata\u2019s sources, Arthur Koestler\u2019s Act of Creation <\/em>and his concept of \u201cbi-sociation\u201d, imagine how many pro-social ideas may be cross-fertilized or newly associated by virtue of human-AI and AI-AI communication.5<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        As an example, consider a tale which has been told, that is possibly apocryphal, of Gutenberg discovering printing by chance. Allegedly, a child\u2019s block with letters engraved on its sides fell to the floor into some spilled flour or meal. When Gutenberg picked up the block, he noticed an imprint in the powdery substance on the floor and discovered that engraved letters could leave lasting impressions. This was a new \u201cbi-sociation\u201d or combination of previously disassociated objects for Gutenberg. And yet, if true, this one incident of \u201cnew knowledge\u201d by observation changed the nature of knowledge, thinking, and the literate world. Granata emphasizes that such generative knowledge can only multiply (e.g. tri- sociations, quad-sociations, mega-sociations, etc.) in a world of newly created\u00a0 available thoughts \u2013 thoughts often maligned as propaganda, synthetic cognition, and noise. And so the word \u201cepistemology\u201d, the study of knowledge and thinking, is enlarged to include far more possibilities \u2013 not only all recorded human thought past, present and potentially in the future \u2013 but also, all the combinations (cf. bi-sociations) and inventions in consciousness that new thinking machines and their artefacts and interactions with human beings can create.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Instead of fearing AI spawning more e-Goebbels, why not envision the possibility of more (both human and electronic) Gutenbergs? Indeed, a third \u201cG\u201d \u2013 Granata\u2013 acknowledges that he too has used AI when creating two of the book\u2019s valuable tools \u2013 tables and a glossary. And beyond a better understanding and utilization of AI, the University of Toronto professor goes further by praising it while providing a detailed rationale. In chapter 9, the author has identified twelve \u201cdignities\u201d that AI provides — not traits or paths \u2013 but laudatory \u201cdignities\u201d. These are predictive modelling, inference-making, knowledge extraction, simulation, heuristics, serendipity, agentic capabilities, autonomy\/autopoiesis, scalability, agentic cooperation, human-AI cooperation, and Interdisciplinary mediation.6<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        But this all -but-romanticizing the gifts of AI past, present, and yet to come has not blinded the author to the epistemic responsibility that Lorraine Code called for as early as 1987.7 <\/sup>In his epilogue, Granata advocates for what might be called a community of ethical and epistemic stewards. He asks for colleagues to responsibly provide guard rails lest generative knowledge become degenerative and lest noir science fiction becomes science fact. Thus, to some degree his bias is balance — on the one hand he calls for full speed ahead with new creative thinking \u2013 but on the other hand, we must slow down to reflect when we see red and flashing yellow lights. Would not such a balanced approach permit us – in the spirit of Dickens \u2013 the ability to use AI to create the best of times and<\/em> the alertness to read all early warning signs to avoid the worst of times?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        For those who have not met Granata, he is a walking fountain of inspiration. Although one of the leading authorities on the Toronto School of Communication (McLuhan, Innis, etc.) who is teaching at the University of Toronto, he is not a native Canadian. His country of origin, Italy, like his book, gives evidence of a spirit of Renaissance\u2026 and Paolo is far more than a media ecology scholar. He is a Renaissance man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Indeed Dr. Granata not only creates books, websites, conferences, labs, and lectures, he is the only person I\u2019ve encountered who has developed a McLuhan board game. This volume is the first I have encountered which legitimizes the perspective that we may foster a digital renaissance<\/em> via AI. Every page of Generative Knowledge<\/em> <\/strong>is an invitation to engage with Granata\u2019s own generative knowledge to enlarge one\u2019s own. Whether you wish to increase your AI skills or sharpen your AI arguments, you may use this book to think in new ways \u2013 which is, after all, this volume\u2019s raison d\u2019etre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        In the heart of Thoreau\u2019s Walden<\/em> <\/strong>three words — \u201csimplify, simplify, simplify\u201d, summarize his meaning. This tome helps to simplify the enormously complex topic of Artificial Intelligence in three ways. <\/strong>With similar simplicity, three words summarize this review — read this book<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Logan, Robert, private communication revealing his preprint to be published in 2026 in NExJ:<\/em> <\/strong>New Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. de Bono, Edward. 1971. The Use of Lateral Thinking<\/em>, <\/strong>Avon Books..<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. Granata, Paolo, <\/strong>2026. <\/strong>Generative Knowledge<\/em>,<\/strong> Granata, p. 148.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. Ibid, p. 4.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. Koestler, Arthur. The Act of Creation,<\/em> <\/strong>MacMillan, 1964.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        6. Granata, Paolo. <\/strong>2026. <\/strong>Generative Knowledge<\/em>, pp. 211-223, see especially the table on page 212.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        7. See Lorraine Code\u2019s <\/strong>Epistemic Responsibility<\/em>,<\/strong> Brown University Press, 1987.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Code, Lorraine. 1987. Epistemic Responsibility. <\/em>Brown University\u00a0\u00a0Press,\u00a0 Providence, R.I.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          De Bono, Edward. 1950. The Use of Lateral Thinking. <\/em>Avon Books, New York, N.Y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Granata, Paolo. 2026. Generative Knowledge<\/em>. Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Koestler, Arthur. 1964. The Act of Creation. <\/em>MacMillan, New York, N.Y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Logan, Robert. 2026, review of Generative Knowledge <\/em>by Paolo Granata, Preprint, to be published in 2026 in NExJ New Explorations: Studies in<\/em> Culture and Communication<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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